Social Conflict Resolution Theory, Research, Practice Essay

Abstract Social conflicts- conflicts in which the parties are individuals or an aggregate of individuals- are unavoidable instances of life. What causes social conflicts, however, remains a subject of contention. Scholars across various disciplines have come-up-with different theories to explain the causes of social conflicts. Generally, each theory attempts to look at the causes from a particular perspective or discipline such as economics, sociology, psychology, political science or socio-biology. Nonetheless, conflicts, as complex social phenomena, defy single explanation. They are aggregate results of myriad sets of causes, which transcend beyond the comprehension of one or more theories or perspectives. It is, however, conceded that each theory can help explain a cause or a combination of causes that would contribute towards a comprehensive understanding of social conflicts. This reflection paper aims to critically examine theories on causes of social conflict discussed under James Schel lenberg’s book entitled Conflict Resolution: Theory, Research, Practice. These are: individual characteristics theories (Chapter 3), social process theories (Chapter 4) and social structure theories (Chapter 5). First, I will briefly discuss the basic tenets of the theories, which will be followed by critical examination of the theories. Finally, some concluding observations will be drawn from the analysis. I. Discussion of the Theories Individual characteristic theories, which areShow MoreRelated Communication Patterns of Children During Conflict Essay examples1558 Words   |  7 Pageseventually their siblings or peers. Conflict is a part of life that children need to use to develop skills on resolving disagreements; conflict is not always bad. Peer conflict, however, can lead to aggressive behavior because of significant emotional and physical harm. Many youth lack the social skills needed to handle their aggravation. Peer conflict communicates joint disagreement or aggression between peers or peer groups. Peer conflict is characterized as conflict between people of equal or similarRead MoreAdnvsbsn1072 Words   |  5 Pagesassociate degree and diploma programs plus a more in-depth treatment of the physical and social sciences, nursing research, public and community health, nursing management, and the humanities. The additional course work enhances the student’s professional development, prepares the new nurse for a broader scope of practice, and provides the nurse with a better understanding of the cultural, political, economic, and social issues that affect patients and influence health care delivery. You need an intextRead MoreEthics And Morals Of Social Work Practice1068 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Ethics and Morals of Social Work Practice. Our everyday interactions are underpinned by ethics. 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I noticed differences in how women react to and engage in conflict as compared with men. While differences are good in some cases, these differences, particularly with respect to conflict (in general) can exacerbate the conflict or redirect it such that the conflict does not get resolvedRead MoreEthical Issues Of Social Work Practice1093 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 17: Topic: Ethical issues in Social Work Practice. Our everyday interactions are underpinned by ethics. Social work in its sectors deals with people in multiple and complex situations. Social workers largely work with people who are affected by different life aspects such as ethnicity, disabilities and culture. The fundamental concern for social work is to understand how these aspects affect the individuals. 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In all organizations there is a common unit of power that directs the organization toward a common goal. Within the Department of Health and Human Resources, the source of power is the commissioner, and the direction of the department is to have zero child fatalities and maintain safety of children. The classical modelRead MoreThe Common Denominator of Security and Feminism600 Words   |  3 Pagesan intellectual enterprise, refers to the area where theory and practice meet, it is about the struggles of the women`s movement and the theory that flows from their experiences, about women`s security understanding that transform our understanding of men`s security. The link between feminism and security points out that understanding security issues needs an enlargement to include specific security concerns and beliefs of women. This research emphasizes context-based interpretations of gender in

The New Colossus By Emma Lazarus - 955 Words

Introduction: Attention: â€Å"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free† (Emma Lazarus). This sentence can be found in the poem â€Å"The New Colossus,† written by Emma Lazarus in 1883. It can also be found inscribed on the Statue of Liberty towering over the New York Harbor, a bright beacon symbolizing the freedom and democracy we hold so esteemed in America. Immigrants founded the United States and immigrants are arguably who made our nation so great. However, when immigrants do not follow the process to acquire legal citizenship into the United States is when the problems arise. Thesis: People have been immigrating to the US for decades and is something our nation was founded on; however, when it is left unregulated, it can have many adverse affects. Preview: Today, I will be addressing how illegal immigration impacts us and I will be introducing a policy to address the problem. Transition to first main point: To start, there are multiple problems that result from illegal immigration. Body: Population levels have risen drastically, partially due to increased illegal immigration activity, that affects the job market for Americans. According to Jens Krogstad and Jeffrey Passel, senior demographers at the Pew Research Center, there were 11 million illegal (undocumented) immigrants living in the US in 2014 of 320 million and that number is growing by 700,000 a year. According to Alan Gomez of USA Today, author of â€Å"Depolarizing the ImmigrationShow MoreRelatedThe New Colossus By Emma Lazarus2140 Words   |  9 PagesBetween 1877 and 1945 did the United States live up to Emma Lazarus poem which is engraved on the Statue of Liberty? While, reading her poem â€Å"The New Colossus†, there was a sense that Emma Lazarus believed that the United States of America would had let anyone come into the state no matter of what the person’s situation and/or lifestyle they lived, basically â€Å"what happens in their country stays in their country†, America would be a fresh new start of life. The way she viewed America and the wayRead MoreEmma Lazarus Poem : The New Colossus740 Words   |  3 Pagesbeside the golden door!†. This poem entitled The New Colossus, written by Emma Lazarus. The poem was engraved at the foot of the Statue of Liberty. The immigrants who came to eastern of America would eventually arrived at New York h arbor. They would passed through the Statue of Liberty and seen the poem below it. They began their new life with this poem. In recent years, some policies have passed to limit the immigrants. Discrimination is more severe. The new immigrants especially who are not white facedRead MoreThe American Dream In The New Colossus716 Words   |  3 PagesTravel back to June 17, 1885. It is a summer New York day, and the statue of liberty has just arrived on American grounds. The lady herself was a gift from the French to the United States as a sign of friendship. However, on the bottom of the statue, there is a plaque with a poem. This poem is known as â€Å"The New Colossus,† By Emma Lazarus. â€Å"The New Colossus† set a foundation for what the United States morals were built on. One might argue if Americans should still abide to this poem. Though it hasRead MoreThe New Colossus By Jane Addams Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesobservers to be concerned with how these new arri vals would fit in to American society. Emma Lazarus in â€Å"The New Colossus†, Jane Addams in Twenty Years at Hull House, Walt Whitman in â€Å"Crossing the Brooklyn Ferry†, Theodore Roosevelt in American Ideals, and Thomas Aldrich in â€Å"Unguarded Gates† are just a few names in American Literature who use their work as a medium to voice their opinions on the issue of immigration. Emma Lazarus’s poem, â€Å"The New Colossus†, has become the fundamental expression ofRead MoreThe Bean Trees Literary Analysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesIn the famous poem The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus, America is deemed a land of â€Å"world wide welcome† for those who seek a new place to call home. The Statue of Liberty is established early on in the piece as a symbol of freedom and protection, a statue symbolic of the spirit of America. In the piece, Lazarus refers to immigrants as the â€Å"poor, huddled masses† to whom the United States offers a pair of open â€Å"golden doors.† However, many immigrants today feel far removed from the land of freedom referencedRead MoreAmy Tan Two Kinds Paper1414 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican society. Why does the American Dream influence the Chinese culture? The American dream has a powerful influence on new arrivals in the U.S.A. The burden of these dreams usually falls more heavily upon the shoulders of American born children of immigrants. Often immigrant parents are willing to sacrifice everything including careers, family, and property, to pursue new lives in America. Different cultures view the U.S.A differently. The American dream has a different point of view fromRead MoreThe Statue of Liberty: Meaning of the Statue of Liberty Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pageswoman holding aloft a torch, it stands at the entrance to New York harbor on a 12-acre land known as Bedloe’s or Liberty Island. The Statue of Liberty symbolizes freedom throughout the world, democracy as well as international friendship. As a result, many immigrants’ hearts warmed up as they beheld the symbolic woman welcoming them to the land of numerous opportunities. As such, the poet Emma Lazarus composed the poem The New Colossus. The idea of the statue was born at the home of EdouardRead MoreThe American Dream704 Words   |  3 Pageswith the hope of new opportunities and a better life, which America had offered. America offered equal opportunity for everyone and the dream began. Although many Americans dreams differ because of personal experience, the American Dream is getting to the place where you are the happiest. When anyone comes over to America they automatically have the chance to do or achieve something great. In The New Colossus By Emma Lazarus she describes the Statue of Liberty that greets new people coming intoRead MoreImmigration Laws Essay examples1213 Words   |  5 Pagesbanned immigrants that were destitute, mentally ill or had a contagious disease. The government also established a 50-cent head tax on each immigrant. Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor... from the Emma Lazarus poem The New Colossus lists as one of the most famous verses in American history. It is ironic that Lazarus wrote it in1882 in celebration of the erection of the Statue of Liberty which has become the iconic symbol of America as a welcoming beacon for a nation of immigrants. The Statue of LibertyRead MoreThe Importance Of Refugee Camps722 Words   |  3 Pagesstateless people.† (UNHCR.org) Undoubtedly, one of the worst refugee crisis’ took place during World War II when over 30 countries and 1.9 billion people worldwide fought against each other. After the war, more than six million refugees fled to seek new homes. Beyond that, myriads of European countries possessed their own complications to concern about, and spared no land to refugees. A large number of European refugees fled to Syria. Moreover, refugee camps are important to today’s society because

Behavioral Expectations Free Essays

School activities which facilitate the learning of the students can either be inside or outside of the classroom. Nonetheless, all these activities implicate behavioral expectations which the students must meet. In-class activities include the use of learning centers and computer stations. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Expectations or any similar topic only for you Order Now This activity facilitates learning through the use of different sources which provide the students a better understanding of the lesson. In addition, learning centers and computer stations give the students some hands-on training, which is very effective because it adds up to the learning experience of the students. Finally, these faculties of learning allow the students to enrich their knowledge and imagination, not only limiting the things to be learned to what the teacher has said. For this kind of activity, the students are expected to use the particular source efficiently so that it may help facilitate and enhance learning. This means that all available sources, such as computers, must be used with relevance to the academics. Moreover, the students are expected to practice courtesy. They should be responsible and not be abusive to the things which the school offers. One should also be courteous to his or her fellow classmates, and most especially to the teacher and other personnel present in the particular learning center. Another in-class activity is the teacher-led activities. This kind of activity makes the teacher the sole facilitator of learning. The teacher is the one who gives the basic rules or general instructions of the activity, and lays-out its objectives. The students, on the other hand, are the participants in the learning process and they are the ones who generate the ideas, key points and values of the activity. Basically, at the end of the activity, the teacher summarizes everything the students have said into few general ideas, and sometimes asks the class to repeat them. For a better focus on the students’ attention and participation, the teacher may also ask a volunteer from the class to summarize the general ideas of the activity instead of simply saying the main ideas. Finally, the teacher evaluates if all the objectives have been met, then proceeds to the lesson or next activity. For this kind of activity the students are expected to listen attentively to the teacher. They should be attentive in order for them to understand the instructions, objectives and ideas of the activity. Secondly, the students should practice a sense of responsibility. They should be able to know their priorities, what they need and need not to do whenever there is a teacher-led activity which requires their full attention and active participation. Learning does not only take place inside the classroom. Therefore, schools also conduct out-of-class activities in order to let the students experience and explore. Most common type of out-of-class activities include playground time or recess. This is a few-minute break after two to four subjects to give some time for students. This particular activity is a good embodiment of learning outside the classroom. With regard to behavioral expectations, all students are expected to practice camaraderie. This is the time when they are able to socialize with one another. Therefore, they are expected to behave properly, talk to fellow classmates and create friendship. In addition, they are also expected to learn the value of sharing and unselfishness. Friendship grows in the light of sharing. Students must know how to think of other people. Another interesting out-of-class activity is the field trip. This well-planned activity is an educational trip to different places of great significance, usually held once a year. The trip intends to familiarize the students with the historical and cultural significance and influences of the places to be visited. In this kind of activity, the students are also expected to practice camaraderie. This time, the context of camaraderie is deeper because the students are going out of the school into different places and are spending more time with each other. Moreover, the students must be obedient in the sense that they need to follow all instructions given by the teacher in order to avoid problems. The basic method of determining whether the students did or did not understand the proper behavior expected from them is by way of asking. After the teacher has given the activity and the proper behavior expected from them, he or she must first ask the students what they did not understand to what he or she has said. If there is a question raised by one of the students, he or she must restate what is expected of the students and expound it. He or she must make sure that every behavioral expectation she mentioned was clear to the mind of the students before proceeding to the activity. Another effective way of evaluating the students’ understanding of behavioral expectations is by definition. This is to be done after the activity has been finished. The teacher will ask the students to define the behavioral expectations he or she has given the class before the start of the activity. By this method, the teacher will fully know how well the students understood the values expected from them. How to cite Behavioral Expectations, Papers

Get All About Positive V/S Negative Liberty

Question: Discuss about positive versus negative liberty? Answer: Introduction: The basic concept of liberty is a difference between negative and positive sensitivity. The liberty which is known as freedom from disturbance and type of force into doing something or restraining is negative liberty,(Molivas, 1999) on the other hand liberty which means for freedom or decisions taken by the own or intentionally is known as positive liberty.(Nicholls, 1962) These two conceptions are logically not very big from each of them, but these two concepts of liberty become an argument in history that these two ideas are developing in the different type of many directions. If a single person who has most important part through which one must be free from all types of interference also appreciated by negative liberty and even one can live a happy and true life. Positive versus Negative Liberty: As per the positive views of being free, the self-determination is necessary. Freedom is not bad, but it should be taken in a positive manner only. If a person uses his freedom in a wrong way or uses it with bad intentions, then it is a negative liberty.(Miller, 1984) There are many different ways of thinking to see negative liberty is the absence of external limits, and positive liberty is the absence of internal limits.(BARKER and JAGO, 2011) For example, if the police make a rule that without seat belt no one can drive one car, bus, truck etc. and the person who takes a liberty drive his vehicle by not putting a seatbelt then this freedom is a negative liberty taken by the person. Most of the writers wrote about the freedom as natural liberty which would be most enjoyed by a single person according to his state of mind and nature. Natural liberty is defined as a power through which a person always thinks fit with no strain or any control from any other sources. In this power the positive liberty is used only for fitness of a person and his personality, self-determination or direction is a sense of liberation. Negative elements are also found in natural liberty. (Levin, 1984)As per the law of nature, this liberty is very limited, but this is effectively outside the general society and also becomes the matter of internal information as well as external concentration. So the negative liberty becomes the form of negative thoughts. This type of strained freedom is radically defective.(White, 1970) To get the other types of benefits the individual try to start securing its liberty and take place by entering into the society and start obeying all rules and regulations and its law. General liberty is a kind of liberty which belongs to a single person individually a society member. When an individual gets ready to agree with the law, it gives up their natural liberty due to self-controlled right behaviour to act as forward thinking fit and get something more and more valuable. Liberty is a concept which is consisting of a specific rights of contents. The absolute right of a person, in general, iscontents of civil liberty. The natural right of an individual is personal security, personal property and liberty which can be used by the person on its own. But in a proper way without ignoring the law. These rights cannot be counted negative but also positive these rights are not a simple right against the person who interfered by others, but it should be secured in ones life.(Buttle, 1984) The unreasonable interferences of government into the general life is also a negative liberty. The law which controls the normal man doing any mischief to his fellow citizens, despite the fact that its become less natural which increases the general liberty of mankind. On the positive side, civil liberty is rightly understood, protect the right of individuals in the society. The concept of liberty is protected in two positive ways. One, the traditional thought holds that liberty can not be maintained or support yourself at the basic level when there are no law presents, besides natural liberty is not bonded as well as not defined clearly. It is realized and determined that liberty becomespositive due to the law of civil society. Secondly, an individual can claim the protection in his rights from the community and society member. So in every manner, this is a positive right, which is claimed to society and the community to provide something to an individual is entitled. When a woman thinks that she is fit according to her body. Its her right,which includes many things as she wants to be pregnant or not. No one can force a woman into anything physically because this is her right and natural liberty too. As according to our law some of the women are very much harassed because of the interference by others in their lives. As sometimes she cannot live her life by her ways, which is a negative liberty. On the other hand, it is seen that negative liberty normally may be viewed as an extension of political liberty, which consists of natural power through which one can think fit and one wishes without any interference from others. (Pilon, 1982) Negative and positive liberty are not only two different kinds of liberty; but they can also be seen as equal to another, not able exist, for not explaining the meaning of one political ideal. Some of the people are against liberty, the way this term is clarified and defined can have important political suggestions. A person who favours the political philosophy of progress, reform and the protection of civil liberty. By social and political philosophers the difference between positive and negative liberty is an interchange of style and freedom. Some changes have even been made for the difference between liberty and freedom, which is not caught.(Becker and Crocker, 1983) The concept of liberty - you can imagine that you are driving a vehicle through town, and come to a dividing road where ever you want to go you will be driving and no traffic to speak of and police roadblocks, and diversions. So in that way, you will be the free driver. But your this dramatic picture seems to show about your confused personality while driving car moving and turning from right to left and then left to right, because of no traffic rules were followed by you, even no pressure of police on the road. So in this story, we can say, two contrasting ways of thinking of liberty.(Oakes, 1996) One, that whatever you want while driving, you are free enough if nobody is stopping you from doing anything. You were very much free in the story. On the other side, a person can think of liberty as he or she has to follow the rules and to be under control without any traffic light, traffic police or any type of diversions on the road. The truth of positive liberty is that some liberals suggest that positive conceptions of liberty carried out with demanding strict obedience to authority. Believe the avoidable events of a permanent and distressed small majority. Because all members of this small group take participation in a democratic process and think to feel free and self-controlled over its own. Positive freedom understood self-mastered and one person can choose from society will be governed. Both the conceptions of freedomare always represented valid human ideals, and the both forms of freedom are necessary for general society. The right which carefully thinks about fundamental for the growth of the personality of one person. So, without the liberty, that is without freedom one can not enjoy any others life which is somebodys right. Freedom or liberty is very much loved and careful right of the people.(Gray, 1980) Normally, in the general society the liberty which means free from controlled behaviour and the freedom by one. So liberty is taken as a negative and a harmful in general society. In our society, no one is permitted to act without a controlled behaviour. In other words, liberty means the absence of not only controlled behaviour but only those slaves controlled behaviour which are held to be reasonable. In negative ways, liberty is taken as granted and not as exceptional for self-controlled behaviour besides liberty can never be accepted by the societies. A negative concept of freedom gets rejected at living times.(Chandler, 1985) Moreover, the positive liberty under reasonable and logical self-controlled behaviour which are reasonable. It means freedom under the reasonable and necessary self-controlled behaviour is accepted by the law. So, these behaviour ensure the enjoyment of freedom the people. From civil societies, positive freedom can only be available to the people. Liberty is equal and acceptable opportunity for all the people to enjoy their rights. Liberty is a freedom of one who can express without any external obstacle in his personality. Freedom is not the absence of all self-controlled behaviour but to some extent the substitute of reasonable ones for the irrational. Without liberty, no one can live in general life in a good best way. Liberty is a self-maintenance of that atmosphere which is essential to keep the person best. For the enjoyment of right liberty is the totally essential condition. It a positive condition which is never absent from self-controlled behaviour.(Gustavsson, 2014) As a n atural liberty, it is very popular concept that the enjoyment of uncontrolled behaviour is natural freedom. When a man is born free, he has the right to enjoy freedom as he wills. All self-controlled behaviour deny the existence of freedom. The basis of liberty is a natural reason. Natural liberty is to be considered as imagination. Uncontrolled behaviour can create complete disorder. It is based on laws and rules which are real and possible. The liberty through which one can enjoy as a member of civil society and available to all individuals equally. Freedom and rights are equally enjoyed by all society persons. Uncontrolled behaviour is not a civil liberty. Civil liberty is totally different from natural liberty. It is counted under the law, create the enjoyment of condition necessary for liberty. It refrains from creating hindrances in the way of liberty for the enjoyment of people. Liberty can be compared withs many different ideas. The basic concept of freedom is a concept on w hich everyone can get agree. There is freedom to express their views, freedom to speak, choose, reside, explore, trade and to enjoy the success of ones hard work, free to accept or not to accept any ideology or faith.(Crowder, 1988) Economic liberty is defined as freedom for opportunities and daily earnings to secure tomorrow. If a person is free from hunger, starvation and unemployment, then only he or she can enjoy the freedom of economic liberty which is very important for political independence also because when people are hungry, homeless without earnings how they can think of enjoying their rights and freedom.(Insole, 2004) For independent nation, it is important to give freedom to the people of each state to constitute and organise their government by freely implementing policies and programs to pursue independence in relations with other nations.Religious freedom is not related to any religion; it is concerned with worship and faith. All regions have equal status, and religious people can spend their life with freedom. The liberty which is concerned with work is for securing the self-confidence, and this is main supportive of our moral values. Rights for every each person living in the society should have no class. Liberty always considered for equal rights without any difference. Advantages and rights are given to specific class are against the soul of liberty. It allows for some special advantages to taking from the section of society and protective differences. The essential safeguard of liberty is the establishment of the legal system. Both of them are attached to each other. Legal systems cannot be conceived without any presence of political, civil, economic and individual liberty. There will be no real democracy in the absence of the right to freedom. Rights and freedom of the people should not depend on the happiness and the will of others. The government should control exercisedby judging and impartially over every section of society to safeguard liberty. An action taken by the government must be responsible and accountable. Rights can also be given judicial protection too; it should be assigned for the responsibil ities to protect the freedom and the rights of the people. For following these type of functions, the judiciary must be fully empowered and free.Power should be secured between the executive and the legislature. Liberty will be dangerous due to a combination and concentration of these types of powers. Against possible dictatorship, it is necessary that power should not be centralised. Every person should be under the law without any bond obligation as no one is above the law. For the safeguard of liberty income, wealth and its resources and proper opportunities for livelihood should be fairly and equally distributed. Well, organized groups are very much essential for the safeguard of liberty. Social service organisations and non-government organisations can act against violation of liberty unitedly. Sometimes we raise an objection to using the word liberty. As an argument to the real liberty is the negative sort. However, libertarians take these arguments that positive liberty either doesn't exist, or it is not worthy to take care of it. But positive liberty must be named as power or capacity which cannot be ignored and must be recognized by one and all. It is evident that the two forms of liberty are related to each other. Positive liberty is exactly the growth of an individual who is free from developing determining his desire and interest comprehensively. Liberty isa self-realization exercised by both the individual and the community and always regulated by law.(Crowder, 2015) Positive liberty follows the ways in which desires are formed. Positive freedom is more difficult a norm to grasp than the negative liberty. The positive freedom is promoted to involve the claim how a person should live, nor it allow, to live life as according to the forced pattern decided by the society.(Christman, 2015) On the other side, negative liberty is what you arent prevented from doing. All types of opportunities may be open, giving you a huge amount of negative liberty, and still there are many hindrances to achieving the fruit of the opportunities available. For the realization of freedom, one should take care of that no outer forces should remov e ones desires in a positive or negative way. Conclusion: It is concluded that there has been an important talk on which form of freedom is superior positive or negative freedom. It is essential to keep the balance between the concept of liberty. What people are allowed to do to attain positive or negative liberty by living their life in an unconstrained manner?(Kaplan, 2001)Evidently, some balance has to stick between positive and negative liberty. It has been followed by many that freedom is there, but it must have some boundaries in some way so that its meaning should not be misunderstood. The liberty of some must depend on the restriction of others. References BARKER, S. and JAGO, M. (2011). Being Positive About Negative Facts.Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 85(1), pp.117-138. Becker, L. and Crocker, L. (1983). Positive Liberty: An Essay in Normative Political Philosophy.The Philosophical Review, 92(2), p.243. Buttle, N. (1984). Negative and Positive Liberty Revisited.Politics, 4(1), pp.24-27. Chandler, T. (1985). What's Negative about Positive Self Concept?.The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 58(5), pp.225-227. Christman, J. (2015). Freedom in Times of Struggle: Positive Liberty, Again.Analyse Kritik, 37(1-2). Crowder, G. (1988). Negative and Positive Liberty.Political Science, 40(2), pp.57-73. Crowder, G. (2015). Why We Need Positive Liberty.The Review of Politics, 77(02), pp.271-278. Gray, J. (1980). On Negative and Positive Liberty.Political Studies, 28(4), pp.507-526. Gustavsson, G. (2014). The Psychological Dangers of Positive Liberty: Reconstructing a Neglected Undercurrent in Isaiah Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty.The Review of Politics, 76(02), pp.267-291. Insole, C. (2004). The Worship of Freedom: Negative and Positive Notions of Liberty in Philosophy of Religion and Political Philosophy.Heythrop J, 45(2), pp.209-226. Kaplan, S. (2001). Beyond Positive and Negative Liberty.Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal, 22(2), pp.165-183. Kis, J. (2012). Berlin's two concepts of positive liberty.European Journal of Political Theory, 12(1), pp.31-48. Levin, M. (1984). Negative Liberty.SOY, 2(01), p.84. Miller, D. (1984). A Rejoinder to N. Buttle: On the Connection between Negative and Positive Liberty.Politics, 4(2), pp.37-39. Molivas, G. (1999). A right, utility and the definition of liberty as a negative idea: Richard Hey and the Benthamite conception of liberty.History of European Ideas, 25(1-2), pp.75-92. Nicholls, D. (1962). Positive Liberty, 1880-1914.The American Political Science Review, 56(1), p.114. Oakes, J. (1996). What's Wrong with "Negative Liberty": [Commentary].Law Social Inquiry, 21(1), p.79. Pilon, J. (1982). The Romanian distinction between negative and positive liberty.Studies in Soviet Thought, 23(2), pp.131-140. Roxindole - positive on negative, negative on positive. (1994).Inpharma Weekly, NA;(962), p.8. White, D. (1970). Negative Liberty.Ethics, 80(3), pp.185-204.

Isp Summary Essay Example

Isp Summary Essay ISP Summary We chose to do our integrated study plan project on nature as the season change. We felt this topic was appropriate because the children seemed really interested in the outdoors at the beginning of the semester. We split our main topic into three parts- animals, trees, and weather. I was in charge of the trees and implemented six different activities about trees throughout the semester. My outcomes for each activity were met. For my Literacy activity I read the book Tree Is Nice by Janice May Udry , after reading the book the children were able to learn why is the tree is important in our life. For the Math lesson plan the children were able to match trees with some shapes. For the Science lesson the children learn about animals live inside the tree. For the Social Studies lesson plan the children learn about how the looks like in different seasons, and they were able to match the right tree with the right season. For the Art lesson plan children were able to identify the changing color of the leaves during the seasons, and they paint their own leaves. And for the physical lesson plan the children pretend to be trees and move like when the wind hit the tree, freeze when the snow is falling, and fall down like the leaves fall from the tree in the fall. The best part was that the children were engaged in the activities and they had fun. And because this is my first time working with children, I sometimes feel nervous, but I got over it when time was past. We will write a custom essay sample on Isp Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Isp Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Isp Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For the next semester I need to improve my lesson plans and do it better than I did. About the children I was surprised that they treat each other by respect, and taking care of each other, and they have a good relationship with us. Dani and Mary had a great part in my 100 hour student teaching, and they helped and watched us very carefully during their teaching, and their feedback was really helpful. I will advise the next student teacher to be so nervous just take it easy the children will love you because children are angels. And enjoy your time with the children.

McCarthyism and Salem Witchcraft.

McCarthyism and Salem Witchcraft. We are innocent until proven guilty, we have the right to remain silent, and the right to a lawyer and fair trial, unfortunately for the people of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, these rights were not in existence. Victims of these trials were faced with a hard decision, confess to witchcraft and live meanwhile commit a sin in a Puritan society, or keeping your pride. Sadly, keeping your pride meant you lose your land, your family and friends, and your life. Justice definitely hit a low and people learned from their mistakes, as did the founding fathers when they ensured the right to a fair trial. But, if history has had one constant it is that it will repeat itself, and in the early 1950's, Sen. Joseph McCarthy accused members of the Government as Soviet spies. Though they are very similar, they are some key differences between the Salem witchcraft trials and the McCarthyism Hearings.English: Sen. Joseph McCarthy chats with his attor...The trials were both based on fear. The witchcraf t trial took place in a Puritan society that believed the Devil is real and on Earth, the fact that religion was involved made things more difficult for the people. How were they to know that the judge himself wasn't possessed by the Devil, this is why the trials were unjust. The McCarthy Hearings was based on the belief that Communism was in the United States and was a great threat to the country. In both trials, little or no evidence was needed to try or question someone as a Communist or a witch, as a result, over 140 were arrested of suspicion of witchcraft and many government officials and even the U.S. Army were accused of Communism or "anti-anti-Communism".The accusers of both trials were very unique. Joseph McCarthy was a very determined anti-Communist. Unlike...

Children's Health Topics - ADHD Annotated Bibliography

Children's Health Topics - ADHD - Annotated Bibliography Example The researchers studied ADHD in children of pre-school age. They researched three parenting programs that showed promise in helping small children. The authors suggested that parents should have some type of parent training before they start treating their children with medication. They also discuss the barriers to using this method and give several ideas of how to work with preschoolers in addition to this model. The researchers state that medication should be used after they have tried parent training. The researchers present the dual pathway model and state how it should be used in preschool. This research is important to a paper on ADHD because it provides information about alternative interventions that are working. They suggest that parents must be able to control their children before they send them to school. Many parents want to find alternatives to treating their children with ADHD because they do not want to use drugs. This article gives an understanding of ADHD from a doctors perspective and it provides information about alternative nutrition that has been shown to help children and adults with ADHD. The researchers provided information on several studies, including a double-blind, crossover controlled trial that was designed to understand whether artificial food coloring and benzoate preservative in children's food could influence their hyperactivity. The trial included 1800 three-year-olds. The conclusion from these researchers was that ADHD is complex, and it should be treated with a multi-faceted treatment program.

Baroque Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Baroque Art - Essay Example Whereas it is sometimes the case that a sculpture or is also skilled with the use of oil and canvas, this was especially true with regards to Geon Lorenzo Bernini. Tying in with the discussion and analysis of the means by which many of the Baroque artists were sponsored and promoted by the Catholic Church, Bernini is an especially good example of this. Rising rapidly among the ranks of the many artists of the time, Bernini soon attracted the attention of the papacy who commissioned him to perform several works of art. Blown away by his skill and prowess, both on canvas and with marble, Bernini became something of an artist of court for several successive popes. With such a notion in mind, it is easier to analyze the implied meaning and means by which bring me the expressed strong overt and subliminal religious tones within â€Å"The Ecstasy of St. Theresa† (Wilkin 31). Many scholars have considered this particular sculpture to be the beginning of high Roman Baroque art. In eff ect, even the casual observer can note the means by which the sculpture approach rates how the divine is interacting with the earthly via a theatrical mechanism. This in truth and into the affairs of men create something of a sensual, some even say orgasmic, juxtaposition of both the divine and human. However, rather than understanding the sculpture in too much of a temporal mindset, it was doubtless Bernini’s intention to express the pure joy and bliss that mankind could achieve when in communion with the divine. Although thematic elements between Bernini and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, represented within his artwork entitled â€Å"The Crucifixion of St. Peter†, are quite disparate, the reality of the matter is that the ideas represented and discussed are both highly spiritual in nature. At first glance, the reader can note the fact that a painstakingly detailed and imaginative oil painting of the crucifixion of St. Peter is displayed. Beyond the fact that St. Peter is obviously the only face within the portrait that can be seen, beyond the fact that St. Peter’s body, although supposedly aged at the time it is crucifixion, is unbelievably toned muscular, the viewer is also illustrated with the subliminal understanding that the weight of this crucifixion, both physical and mental, ways most heavily upon the perpetrators. As can be noted from an examination of the painting, it requires three strong young men to carry the body of an agent St. Peter to his final crucifixion (Marcussen 75). Each and every one of them are weighed down event under the heft of both

Logical Fallacies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Logical Fallacies - Essay Example This fallacy illustrates disconnect in the premises and the conclusions. Informal fallacies forms include; inappropriate arguments or generalizations, due to ignorance. Informal fallacies are usually more common and interesting than the formal fallacies (Engle 141). In this paper, I’ll discuss the second logical fallacy illustrated in the assignment instruction. The fallacy is: Tradition is not always right. On Saturday, 23rd August 2014, I had a discussion with a class friend on the roles of tradition in the society. My friend continuously illustrated that tradition is not always rights; in order to influence my opinion on only the negative aspects of tradition. This fallacy illustrates informal fallacy, which is based on argument due to ignorance. My friend did not understand the importance of tradition in our society; but I effectively did my part by explaining the positive and negative issues in tradition. Tradition has greater significance in any society than previously believed. Tradition represents existing knowledge; and it is a collection of related ideas and concepts lasting for long time durations (Shils 42). These ideas are continuously improved in the society through addition of new knowledge. This is referred to as dynamic tradition. On the other hand, static tradition does not change easily over time. The prevalent tradition type in America is the mixed tradition that combines the two traditional approaches. Dynamic tradition is very significant because it illustrates the best knowledge in America. The tradition discovers the best ideas, and then continuously discards knowledge proved to be mistaken. Dynamic tradition is best due to the great levels of criticism, thought, and error correction allowed. If there is a wrong aspect in tradition; then emphasis should be on improving it, and not abandoning the aspect. Tradition should be flexible enough to

Importance of Supplier Relations Management

Importance of Supplier Relations Management Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Objective â€Å"Supply chain management (SCM) is the combination of art and science that goes into improving the way your company finds the raw components it needs to make a product or service and deliver it to customers.(Worthen., 2008)†. The main objectives of this research are to structure a supply network through multiple tiers. It extends in identifying the importance of Supplier relations management. Todays market as we know is customer driven, with extensive subcontracting, Inventory and supply chain management can make or break a deal. Good supply network emphasizes on seamless integration between Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and its suppliers. It encourages in merging its design of Product, process and services. Regard to todays world, Global Supply chain Management is changing virtually every day (group, June 2006 ) Large and Small companies are keen and very likely to trade internationally and also to take advantage of low cost countrys for their sources. (group, June 2006 ). This study takes a more holistic approach in identifying issues and constraints of global supply chain management. A very rigorous approach for optimally coordinating information, material and financial flow between supplier ti ers is another objective of this study. Study is supported by mapping different models and approaches in order to provide a harmonic coordination within a closed supply network. As mentioned earlier small and large companies are turning their interest towards low cost developing countries for sources, this research intends to study current trends and opportunities among these developing nations for sustainable supply network coordination. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Summary This paper revolves around various objectives as discussed earlier. The purpose of a literature review is to describe the work that has been reported on a topic. It illustrates an individuals ability to identify vital information and sketch existing knowledge. This literature review is carried out to review current market trends and also to have a thorough knowledge correlating our main objectives. Ideas and thoughts of different authors has been analysed to demonstrate a more eccentric review of the topic. Few case studies has also been analysed to understand practical difficulties and competitive advantage of a better supply network design. Table 1 illustrates various definitions proposed by authors. 2.2 Multi Tier Supply Chain Overview and key elements In general many Manufacturing Organizations are a network production and distribution sites. They transfer raw materials to finished products and supply it to end users (billington 1992). Strategic supply chains are those in which â€Å"members are strategically, operationally, and technologically integrated†(Hult 2004) and are assumed to be a long-term stable relationships with a potential to change in accordance with the variable demands and market conditions(Hult 2004). Inventories play a very important role at both macroeconomic and microeconomic levels (Jaber 2009). According to (Jaber 2009), Current inventory costs accounts to half of total logistical expenses of a supply chain(Lancioni 2000). Improper Inventory management in a supply chain usually tends to increase conflicts between entities of the supply chain i.e., between retailer, buyer, manufacturer and suppliers, which may result to inefficiencies of the supply chain.(Jaber 2009). In a ideal supply chain every firm is considered to be unified, thus in an ideally integrated supply chain, end users or ultimate customers are the pulling force of a value chain unlike classical way of Manufactures pushing the goods out(Tan 2001). Realistically achieving full integration of a value chain is difficult with its complexity, thus strategically important business organizations are emphasized (Tan 2001). Key elements and activities of supply chain are as shown below. Key Elements Of supply chain According to (Christopher 2005), One important aspect of effective SCM is to reduce or completely eliminate Inventory issues between different entities/Organisation in a supply chain. He suggests eliminating this issue by effective information sharing of all stock levels. This concept is called ‘Co- Managed Inventory CMI.(Christopher 2005).(Tan 2001) Suggest that primary focus of a SCM is to achieve efficient end product distribution from manufacturer to customer by replacing inventories with information. Supply chain managements philosophy also suggests that its operations are not concerned only with logistics, but expands through all other operations of an organisation to achieve a greater customer satisfaction and value.(John T. Mentzer 2001).Other basic characteristics of a SCM, according to (John T. Mentzer 2001) are Considering the whole supply chain as a single entity and by this virtue, total inventory flow is managed in a SCM. Orienting Intrafirm and interfirm operations with a strategic approach and thus reinforcing its capabilities by co-operative measures. Unique/Personalized approach should be carried out for every customer to stay competitive and to achieve better customer satisfaction. For years Supply chain was considered as channels for distribution. The main intent of channel distribution was to make each organisation more productive and efficient. It emphasized on making each organisation more profitable without considering its other counter parts of the channel, i.e. like Tier1 suppliers, tier2, distributors or retailers (Lancioni 2000). Over the years with the advent of Supply chain management, focus drifted from intrafunctionaltowards a more interfunctional vision, by which co-ordination between these entities of SCM was emphasised. Interfunctional Channel distribution or termed as the modern day supply chain management considered the opportunity in supply network coordination: â€Å". . . altering the levels of the various activities, often referred to as logistical in nature (such as transportation, inventories, facility location, and order processing) may adversely affect achieving the objectives of these other functional areas†(Lancioni 2000). Thu s customer becomes the driving force of supply chain management. Supply chain analysis (SCA) deals with vertical inter dependencies between the firms; it also requires a systematic approach towards resource allocation and information exchange at every stage of production (Simchi-Levi 2000). Globalization represents cross-border flow of finished goods and increase in global competitors, identifying opportunities and competitive supply chain within its industrial sector(John T. Mentzer 2006). Realistically Supply-chain Managers identify difference between a domestic and a global supply chain even if the conditions are same. It is found that complexitys designing Global supply chain is exponentially high compared to a domestic supply chain, also its ability to stay competitive lies in understanding subtleties of GSCM that exists only during cross border trade offs(John T. Mentzer 2006). Supply chain distinguishes itself from its constituent entities with its integration of operations (Mahapatra 2004). Supply chain management goes beyond co-ordination among firms; it recognises inter dependencies among them and also delivers effective relationship management. Logistics is an integral part of effective supply chain.(Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo 2003) Suggest that Logistics operations within an organization can be related to Forward flow of goods both WIP and Finished goods Information flow feedback Management and Control Network Analysis (NA) is a technique which provides many tools to map relationship between internal organisations. NA also concerns with horizontal dependencies unlike SCA (Sergio G. Lazzarini 2001). As SCA and NA there are many other analyses methodologys suggests the importance of Interdependencies between organizations, According to (John T. Mentzer 2001) , the following activities are necessary to implement a better SCM. â€Å"Integrated Behaviour Sharing risks and rewards mutually Co-ordination Mutual sharing Information Goals and focus to serve customers Process integration Installing Long-term relations with suppliers and customers†(Mentzer 2001). The term supply chain management had an increased influence over the past decade. For instance, Annual Conference of the Council of Logistics Management 1995, 13.5% of the conference sessions posted titles concerning the words â€Å"supply chain.† At the 1997 conference, just two years later, the number of sessions about the terminology drastically increased to 22.4% (John T. Mentzer 2001). This increase has been steady all these years. This increase widely illustrates the global importance and benefits of Supply chain management. There are different types of channel relations in a supply chain as illustrated in Fig4. Supplier Organization/OEM Customer Figure3a: Direct Supply Chain Suppliers Supplier Organization Customers SupplierCustomer Figure 3b: Extended Supply Chain Third party Logistics Supplier Ultimate Supplier Organization Customer Ultimate Supplier Customer Financial Market Provider Research The figure1 identifies different degrees of supply chain complexity they are direct, extended and ultimate supply chain. A direct supply chain consists of a supplier and a customer involved in upstream and downstream flow of (Products, services, finance and information)(Figure: 4a.)(John T. Mentzer 2001) Similarly an extended supply chain includes suppliers, Immediate suppliers and customers and immediate customer, all involved in the upstream and/or downstream flows of products, finances, services and info(Figure: 4b). Thus an ultimate supply chain includes all the organizations involved in all the upstream and downstream flows of products/services/finances, and information from the ultimate supplier to the ultimate customer. (Figure: 4c) illustrates the complex functions of an ultimate supply chains. This may include 3rd Party Financial institutions; this involvement may be a cause to reduce overall risk involved. Similarly Even logistical operations are also supported by (3PL) In figure:4c , a market research firm is also seen as an entity of this complex chain. These may very well support the Manufacturer by providing vital market information about their end users.(John T. Mentzer 2001). Process of Supply chain management Many organisations believe that with process approach it is difficult to reduce/optimize their production flow in SCM (Cooper 2000). Customer relationship management Customer service management Demand management Order fulfilment Manufacturing flow management Procurement Product development and commercialization Returns. Multi Levels Explained It is necessary to understand different network analysis, methodologies to understand and resolve issues in designing a better supply chain management. Fig2 illustrates a basic model of a multi tier supply chain. Each level has its own importance and prominent influence over the chain thus making every level an integral part of the complex system. Fig2 is a sceptic of four level supply chain with centralised decision process. The different levels are as described below(Goyal 2009) First level-This Level of supply network contains multiple buyers/Distributor. Second Level- This level encompasses of Vendors or Manufacturer ie., Original Equipment Manufacturer. Third level- This level contains Tier-1 /Immediate Suppliers of the supply chain. Fourth level- This level contains different tier 2 suppliers. These suppliers support tier1 suppliers or directly to the manufacturer by providing product, service or finance.(Goyal 2009). Levels of issue The major issues at different levels that have to be addressed in a multi dimensional Supply chain are(David Simchi-Levi 2003). Strategic level: Strategic level of decisions are vital which provides and long and sustainable effect on an organization. Major decisions like factory location, storage, Plant capacity and logistic network fall under this level. Tactical level: These decision that change steadily(eg: every quarter) depending on market position, like transportation, production capacity, inventory policy, customer review etc., Operational level: These decisions are mostly day to day like scheduling, lead time, quotes, routing etc.,(David Simchi-Levi 2003). According to (David Simchi-Levi 2003), the above issues can be addresses with few strategies as follows Distribution Network Configuration Inventory Control Supply Contracts Distribution Strategies Supply Chain Integration and Strategic partnering Outsourcing and Procurement Strategies Product Design Contrastingly other author(Simon Croom 2000) looks to analyse supply chain management as different levels as addressed below. Dyadic Level: This level considers just two party relations, like Supplier-Manufacturer or Supplier-Retailer Chain Level: This level composes of relations with different dyadic levels, relations with customer-manufacturer-supplier-distributor-retailer etc., Network Level: This level is concerned with all network operations like upstream and downstream flow.(Simon Croom 2000). Areas of concern for Supply chain Literature Figure 6: Principle component bodies of supply chain literature Source: (Simon Croom 2000) 2.3 Global Supply Chain Management [GSCM] In this decade of global exploitation for raw materials, cheap and skilled labour has impounded interest towards global supply chain. Fig6 illustrates a typical Global Supply chain network. Interfunctional characteristic of a value chain has grown more complex and non feasible. Manufacturers usually set up factories in foreign to take advantages of low cost labour, trade concession, reduced logistic expense for foreign market, subsidies in capital investment it also makes manufactures more reliable to customers due to their close proximity(Gargeya 2005).Greater needs for GSCM is debated in this chapter below. Authors debate of many learning methodologies to understand framework of Global Supply chain management (GSCM). According to (Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo 2003) GSCM issues can be understood by an Artificial intelligence approach called Reinforcement learning (RL). Currently there are many such frameworks, helping different Multi National Companys as a business model. (Barry 2004), describes â€Å"An enterprise may have lowest over-all costs in a stable world environment, but may also have the highest level of risk if any one of the multiple gating factors kink up an elongated global supply chain!† In a global supply chain, supply risk should be identified, asses its possible occurrence and provided with a monetary value for better understanding, Companys should easily modify towards alternate suppliers (Barry 2004). 2.3a Current State Issues However experts believe that Global supply chain are more complex and difficult to maintain unlike domestic SC. Transportation cost tend to increase substantially due to foreign location, also complicates decision making because of increased lead time(Gargeya 2005). The other factors that dont encourage Global supply chain are listed below (Gargeya 2005) Inventory Cost Trade offs Supplier availability and Quality Different Language, Culture, practices Difficulties in Material planning and demand forecast Infrastructural incapability and non sophisticated telecommunication Inadequate skilled labour, Technology and Equipments Uncertain exchange rates Instable economics and politics Inconsistency of financial performance of supply chain. Efficient product and service distribution to upcoming markets can only be provided if an effective marketing infrastructure is developed.(Richey 2001). Globalization process should be viewed as a network embedded with contemporaneous options, constraints and events(Richey 2001). It intends to look into developing a strategic supply chain development and implementation. One of the challenge in a Global supply chain is development of a decision making model which incorporates almost every concerns of entities running across the chain(Mahapatra 2004). It is one of the biggest concerns to produce effective decisions to reduce risk. Considerable efforts has now been expended in developing this model, many conventional methodologies are adopted like, Simulation, Mathematical program, statistics etc., (Mahapatra 2004). 2.3 b Emerging Issues Numerous Global Supply chain models have been proposed consistently by researchers to tackle issues. Diffusion in multiple plant production systems, globalized market has escalated researchers interest towards this field. Fig11 illustrates one of the models that help to design a supply network. This model proposed by authors â€Å"Carlos J. Vidal† and â€Å"Marc Goetschalckx† illustrates an overlook of a decision making model to tackle transfer pricing and transport cost allocation problems. It is seen from fig6 that the suppliers are broadly classified as internal and external suppliers. For External suppliers it is clear that there is no possible decision for transfer pricing because they directly sell to organizations at market prices. Unlike external suppliers an optimal transfer pricing is determined using the model for internal suppliers (Goetschalckx 2001). A detail literature review of transfer pricing issue and its effect on Global supply chain will be discusse d later in this chapter. Table 2: Major international issues considered in selected global supply chain models Source: (Goetschalckx 1997) Market place around Global supply chain is changing continually reflecting to more emerging issues. These issues have to be resolved in a very short span to stay competitive and to make supply chain more financially effective (Gargeya 2005). First issue is dramatic increase of organizations, outsourcing its work to both domestic and international locations. Secondly many industries outsourced with a unidirectional and enterprise level motive, but now strive to coordinate its decision process across different levels of suppliers (Gargeya 2005). Third issue is recent development in the field of supply chain resulting in expanded definition of â€Å"supply chain performance, as mission, strategy and objectives can vary considerably based on value of the product offered to the customer† (Gargeya 2005). Even with extreme significance and necessity for Global Supply chain management, the subject is complex and diffuse. Many technique and methods have emerged from different areas like operations, logistics, sociology, International relationship, marketing, management, economics et,. But still due to its significant growth and complexity it becomes hard to keep abreast with current development in the field of GSCM (John T. Mentzer 2006). Cementing is the fact that many of these methodologies has evolved with little interdependency, considering little attention in relating with existing models (John T. Mentzer 2006). Outsourcing and Global Supply chain management focus to cost reduction, improved quality; thus increasing its overall competitiveness through structure and process that increase managerial commitment and competencies (Richey 2001). On other hand increased outsourcing of manufacturing to foreign locations in recent years has influenced mangers to design their supply chain considering not only in-house facilities but also to incorporate supplier capabilities and infrastructure. Broader criteria are taken into account while selecting the suppliers unlike fundamental ways. Suppliers are chosen based on customers perception of suppliers to meet demand, with suitable attributes such as quality, quantity, delivery, service, price etc.,. In some case more broader criteria as defined by total ownership cost for carrying inventory, training and repair (Meixell 2005). Supplier selection escalates structure of design problems with limitations in number of vendors in a certain geography, minimum order quantity, geographic preference and supplier capacity (Gargeya 2005). Supply network integration through a supply chain also influences Global supply chain design. Business process integration is one of the best options, coordinating decision across multiple tiers of suppliers/vendors. In reality organizations engage in coordination activities like â€Å"Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI), Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR)† (Gargeya 2005) by sharing sales promotion information. Advanced planning system (APS) integrate production decision making process, these systems are designed with precautions having Supplier capacity and Inventory in mind. These constraints influence Global Supply chain design in large scale (Gargeya 2005). As part of global supply chain design many factors like import duties has to be designed while framing since they contribute nearly 5-10 % of total cost (Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo 2003).Thriving through these issues, a well-coordinated and integrated design of Global Supply chain is hard to replicate thus making is very efficient and helps to achieve a competitive strategy in global scale (Gargeya 2005). 2.3c Need of Global Supply chain Management: Market Drift Global Supply chain models are complex and difficult to provide a solution compared to a domestic supply chain. In a global supply chain flow of cash and information is difficult to maintain unlike single country model. Inclusion of various taxes, Transfer pricing, duties, exchange rates, trade barriers are basic necessity to instil a real time supply system (Goetschalckx 1997). Todays market has advanced with increased globalization of supply sources and demand, drastic improvement of information transparency, innovative business models and venture capital. With such high competitive nature, Simple pursue for higher market share is no longer effective in improving profitability. Focus has drifted towards redefining their competitive profit zone; Companies now tend towards co-relationship to capture life time customer rather than mass buyers through strategic development and Management partnership (John T. Mentzer 2006). Global Market has immensely changed in these following factors Increase value of end users over mass buyers Importance of customization Emerging global consumer segment Time and quality related competition Improvements in communication Value for Information sharing Changing government policies Power shift to End users In broad spectrum of supply chain power has shifted towards End users. Customer satisfaction becomes the ultimate goal. Interfirm relation and collaboration is critical to increase customer satisfaction.(John T. Mentzer 2006). Original equipment manufacturers and supporting suppliers should be quick to react to customer requirements or else have to face prospect of losing market share. Mass Customization Mass customization results in increase in variety without compromising quality, price and efficiency i.e., customers expect better quality level and customization for low or competitive cost. This level of customization can only be achieved with full commitment of every entity of a supply chain like employees, distributors, suppliers etc,(John T. Mentzer 2006). Improved Communication Global competitive market means unit of business analysis of an organization is whole world not just a country/region. Communication revolution has offended late design or delay in delivery. In this context, â€Å"Kotler Philip† said â€Å"As firms globalize, they realize that no matter how large they are, they lackthe total resources and requisites for success.Viewing the complete supply chain forproducing value, they recognize the necessity of partnering with other organizations(John T. Mentzer 2006) â€Å". Time and Quality importance Time and Quality focused market competition can be achieved by basic Lean methodologies, reducing waste in the form of time, defects etc,. Improved quality not just means finished goods but also every area of a company.(John T. Mentzer 2006) Information Technology Influenced Most Powerful and conceptual influence is through immense improvement in the field of Information technology. Invention of modern computers superseded monolithic companies. Fast communication increased link between every member also eliminating multiple layers of people serving as information channel and control group, reducing cost and improved linkage eliminating time delays(John T. Mentzer 2006). 2.3d Benefits of Global Supply chain In this competitive world, market research is a fundamental aspect of any organizations design process. Anticipated results are an aspect of a design process, so it is necessary to understand possible benefits of Global Supply chain. Few benefits described by (Mechanic 2010), are Highest standard of quality. Increased standard expectancy from developing nations. Reduced Inventory and Transportation. Competitive advantage. Make or buy decisions simplified. Wider marker scale to target (New Market opportunity). Opportunity to learn and adapt business models around the globe. Increase in Supply chain flexibility. Surviving Economic recessions with auxiliary markets. 2.4 Supply Network design and collaboration 2.4 a General literature According to (Sheng Su 2008)†A supply chain is an integrated network of suppliers, transformation plants and distribution channels which are organized to acquire raw materials, transform the materials into final products, and deliver those products to customers(Sheng Su 2008)†. Recent developments in technology have forced typical sequential manufacturing industry into designing current ideas for business-business relationship with companies in supply networks (james B. Rice Jr 2002). (james B. Rice Jr 2002) Suggest that, Organizations which are looking for coordination across a strategic supply chain can be achieved by three independent segment coordination such as Information system Logistics Network Financial trade offs Author (Christine Harland 2003) describes the increasing complexity in supply networks. In growing market, issues can arise due to various reasons. Following table illustrates few origins of issue Table 3: Increasing Complexity in Supply network Source (Christine Harland 2003) Design of supply network can be approached as stages, Production, Procurement and distribution. Each stage can be scattered across supply network positioned anywhere in the globe as illustrated in fig11 (D.J. Thomas 1996). Designing and coordinating supply chain for a specific product usually tends to break functional and boundary barriers, resulting as a major issue. Functional boundaries can be deceiving in delivering knowledge thus a clear understanding is hard even for top management (D.J. Thomas 1996). Supply chain management is a new concept but coordinated planning has a profound history since early 1960 (D.J. Thomas 1996). Since then researchers had focused to integrate planning, scheduling and distribution (D.J. Thomas 1996), some of the early models and their functionality are review later in this chapter as illustrated in tables 7-13. Inventory Management barrier Managing Inventory is a vital and significantly increases customer satisfaction and also improves profit. According to (Billington 1992), there are 13 pitfalls in Inventory management. No Supply Chain metrics: Generally it is found that there is no strict performance metrics used to evaluate each entity of the supply chain. Usually individual organizations inside a supply network may have conflicting objectives which tends to reduce overall efficiency. This issue has to be addressed by assessing and orienting supply chain metrics which is governed by customer satisfaction criterion (Billington 1992). Inadequate definition of customer service: Usually customer service does not mean just better delivery time or quality. Many critical details like order cycle time and back order time et., these issues can be omitted by proper understand of customer and standards of expectancy (Billington 1992). Inaccurate Delivery status date: This clerical issue can result in massive impact on total efficiency of the supply chain. It can be resolved by centralized data storage under regular monitor (Billington 1992). Inefficient information systems: These issues mostly resolved with recent developments in Information Technology. Softwares like Enterprise resource planning can help to resolve this issue. Ignoring the impact of uncertainties: In a supply chain there can be different sources for uncertainties as, supplier lead time, raw material quality, process lead time, Transportation and fluctuating market etc., Implementation of Just-In-Time (PULL System) can help to resolve these issues as this system monitors uncertainties closely and react immediately (Billington 1992). Simplistic inventory stocking policies: This issue can be resolved with efficient safety stock policies (Billington 1992). Discrimination against internal customers: This is caused when Work in Progress goods are delivered and handled with your supplier unlike finished products to ultimate customer (Billington 1992). Poor coordination: as mentioned earlier in this research, harmonic network coordination is a fundamental entity of supply chain. Better coordination can be achieved by effective Supplier relationship management Incorrect assessment of Inventory costs: Occurrence of this issue is generally by omitting few inventory maintenance cost while formulating supply chain, usually An effective supply chain design helps in identifying best, Location and distribution centres, Plant Capacity, Market access and planning. Importance of Supplier Relations Management Importance of Supplier Relations Management Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Objective â€Å"Supply chain management (SCM) is the combination of art and science that goes into improving the way your company finds the raw components it needs to make a product or service and deliver it to customers.(Worthen., 2008)†. The main objectives of this research are to structure a supply network through multiple tiers. It extends in identifying the importance of Supplier relations management. Todays market as we know is customer driven, with extensive subcontracting, Inventory and supply chain management can make or break a deal. Good supply network emphasizes on seamless integration between Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and its suppliers. It encourages in merging its design of Product, process and services. Regard to todays world, Global Supply chain Management is changing virtually every day (group, June 2006 ) Large and Small companies are keen and very likely to trade internationally and also to take advantage of low cost countrys for their sources. (group, June 2006 ). This study takes a more holistic approach in identifying issues and constraints of global supply chain management. A very rigorous approach for optimally coordinating information, material and financial flow between supplier ti ers is another objective of this study. Study is supported by mapping different models and approaches in order to provide a harmonic coordination within a closed supply network. As mentioned earlier small and large companies are turning their interest towards low cost developing countries for sources, this research intends to study current trends and opportunities among these developing nations for sustainable supply network coordination. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Summary This paper revolves around various objectives as discussed earlier. The purpose of a literature review is to describe the work that has been reported on a topic. It illustrates an individuals ability to identify vital information and sketch existing knowledge. This literature review is carried out to review current market trends and also to have a thorough knowledge correlating our main objectives. Ideas and thoughts of different authors has been analysed to demonstrate a more eccentric review of the topic. Few case studies has also been analysed to understand practical difficulties and competitive advantage of a better supply network design. Table 1 illustrates various definitions proposed by authors. 2.2 Multi Tier Supply Chain Overview and key elements In general many Manufacturing Organizations are a network production and distribution sites. They transfer raw materials to finished products and supply it to end users (billington 1992). Strategic supply chains are those in which â€Å"members are strategically, operationally, and technologically integrated†(Hult 2004) and are assumed to be a long-term stable relationships with a potential to change in accordance with the variable demands and market conditions(Hult 2004). Inventories play a very important role at both macroeconomic and microeconomic levels (Jaber 2009). According to (Jaber 2009), Current inventory costs accounts to half of total logistical expenses of a supply chain(Lancioni 2000). Improper Inventory management in a supply chain usually tends to increase conflicts between entities of the supply chain i.e., between retailer, buyer, manufacturer and suppliers, which may result to inefficiencies of the supply chain.(Jaber 2009). In a ideal supply chain every firm is considered to be unified, thus in an ideally integrated supply chain, end users or ultimate customers are the pulling force of a value chain unlike classical way of Manufactures pushing the goods out(Tan 2001). Realistically achieving full integration of a value chain is difficult with its complexity, thus strategically important business organizations are emphasized (Tan 2001). Key elements and activities of supply chain are as shown below. Key Elements Of supply chain According to (Christopher 2005), One important aspect of effective SCM is to reduce or completely eliminate Inventory issues between different entities/Organisation in a supply chain. He suggests eliminating this issue by effective information sharing of all stock levels. This concept is called ‘Co- Managed Inventory CMI.(Christopher 2005).(Tan 2001) Suggest that primary focus of a SCM is to achieve efficient end product distribution from manufacturer to customer by replacing inventories with information. Supply chain managements philosophy also suggests that its operations are not concerned only with logistics, but expands through all other operations of an organisation to achieve a greater customer satisfaction and value.(John T. Mentzer 2001).Other basic characteristics of a SCM, according to (John T. Mentzer 2001) are Considering the whole supply chain as a single entity and by this virtue, total inventory flow is managed in a SCM. Orienting Intrafirm and interfirm operations with a strategic approach and thus reinforcing its capabilities by co-operative measures. Unique/Personalized approach should be carried out for every customer to stay competitive and to achieve better customer satisfaction. For years Supply chain was considered as channels for distribution. The main intent of channel distribution was to make each organisation more productive and efficient. It emphasized on making each organisation more profitable without considering its other counter parts of the channel, i.e. like Tier1 suppliers, tier2, distributors or retailers (Lancioni 2000). Over the years with the advent of Supply chain management, focus drifted from intrafunctionaltowards a more interfunctional vision, by which co-ordination between these entities of SCM was emphasised. Interfunctional Channel distribution or termed as the modern day supply chain management considered the opportunity in supply network coordination: â€Å". . . altering the levels of the various activities, often referred to as logistical in nature (such as transportation, inventories, facility location, and order processing) may adversely affect achieving the objectives of these other functional areas†(Lancioni 2000). Thu s customer becomes the driving force of supply chain management. Supply chain analysis (SCA) deals with vertical inter dependencies between the firms; it also requires a systematic approach towards resource allocation and information exchange at every stage of production (Simchi-Levi 2000). Globalization represents cross-border flow of finished goods and increase in global competitors, identifying opportunities and competitive supply chain within its industrial sector(John T. Mentzer 2006). Realistically Supply-chain Managers identify difference between a domestic and a global supply chain even if the conditions are same. It is found that complexitys designing Global supply chain is exponentially high compared to a domestic supply chain, also its ability to stay competitive lies in understanding subtleties of GSCM that exists only during cross border trade offs(John T. Mentzer 2006). Supply chain distinguishes itself from its constituent entities with its integration of operations (Mahapatra 2004). Supply chain management goes beyond co-ordination among firms; it recognises inter dependencies among them and also delivers effective relationship management. Logistics is an integral part of effective supply chain.(Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo 2003) Suggest that Logistics operations within an organization can be related to Forward flow of goods both WIP and Finished goods Information flow feedback Management and Control Network Analysis (NA) is a technique which provides many tools to map relationship between internal organisations. NA also concerns with horizontal dependencies unlike SCA (Sergio G. Lazzarini 2001). As SCA and NA there are many other analyses methodologys suggests the importance of Interdependencies between organizations, According to (John T. Mentzer 2001) , the following activities are necessary to implement a better SCM. â€Å"Integrated Behaviour Sharing risks and rewards mutually Co-ordination Mutual sharing Information Goals and focus to serve customers Process integration Installing Long-term relations with suppliers and customers†(Mentzer 2001). The term supply chain management had an increased influence over the past decade. For instance, Annual Conference of the Council of Logistics Management 1995, 13.5% of the conference sessions posted titles concerning the words â€Å"supply chain.† At the 1997 conference, just two years later, the number of sessions about the terminology drastically increased to 22.4% (John T. Mentzer 2001). This increase has been steady all these years. This increase widely illustrates the global importance and benefits of Supply chain management. There are different types of channel relations in a supply chain as illustrated in Fig4. Supplier Organization/OEM Customer Figure3a: Direct Supply Chain Suppliers Supplier Organization Customers SupplierCustomer Figure 3b: Extended Supply Chain Third party Logistics Supplier Ultimate Supplier Organization Customer Ultimate Supplier Customer Financial Market Provider Research The figure1 identifies different degrees of supply chain complexity they are direct, extended and ultimate supply chain. A direct supply chain consists of a supplier and a customer involved in upstream and downstream flow of (Products, services, finance and information)(Figure: 4a.)(John T. Mentzer 2001) Similarly an extended supply chain includes suppliers, Immediate suppliers and customers and immediate customer, all involved in the upstream and/or downstream flows of products, finances, services and info(Figure: 4b). Thus an ultimate supply chain includes all the organizations involved in all the upstream and downstream flows of products/services/finances, and information from the ultimate supplier to the ultimate customer. (Figure: 4c) illustrates the complex functions of an ultimate supply chains. This may include 3rd Party Financial institutions; this involvement may be a cause to reduce overall risk involved. Similarly Even logistical operations are also supported by (3PL) In figure:4c , a market research firm is also seen as an entity of this complex chain. These may very well support the Manufacturer by providing vital market information about their end users.(John T. Mentzer 2001). Process of Supply chain management Many organisations believe that with process approach it is difficult to reduce/optimize their production flow in SCM (Cooper 2000). Customer relationship management Customer service management Demand management Order fulfilment Manufacturing flow management Procurement Product development and commercialization Returns. Multi Levels Explained It is necessary to understand different network analysis, methodologies to understand and resolve issues in designing a better supply chain management. Fig2 illustrates a basic model of a multi tier supply chain. Each level has its own importance and prominent influence over the chain thus making every level an integral part of the complex system. Fig2 is a sceptic of four level supply chain with centralised decision process. The different levels are as described below(Goyal 2009) First level-This Level of supply network contains multiple buyers/Distributor. Second Level- This level encompasses of Vendors or Manufacturer ie., Original Equipment Manufacturer. Third level- This level contains Tier-1 /Immediate Suppliers of the supply chain. Fourth level- This level contains different tier 2 suppliers. These suppliers support tier1 suppliers or directly to the manufacturer by providing product, service or finance.(Goyal 2009). Levels of issue The major issues at different levels that have to be addressed in a multi dimensional Supply chain are(David Simchi-Levi 2003). Strategic level: Strategic level of decisions are vital which provides and long and sustainable effect on an organization. Major decisions like factory location, storage, Plant capacity and logistic network fall under this level. Tactical level: These decision that change steadily(eg: every quarter) depending on market position, like transportation, production capacity, inventory policy, customer review etc., Operational level: These decisions are mostly day to day like scheduling, lead time, quotes, routing etc.,(David Simchi-Levi 2003). According to (David Simchi-Levi 2003), the above issues can be addresses with few strategies as follows Distribution Network Configuration Inventory Control Supply Contracts Distribution Strategies Supply Chain Integration and Strategic partnering Outsourcing and Procurement Strategies Product Design Contrastingly other author(Simon Croom 2000) looks to analyse supply chain management as different levels as addressed below. Dyadic Level: This level considers just two party relations, like Supplier-Manufacturer or Supplier-Retailer Chain Level: This level composes of relations with different dyadic levels, relations with customer-manufacturer-supplier-distributor-retailer etc., Network Level: This level is concerned with all network operations like upstream and downstream flow.(Simon Croom 2000). Areas of concern for Supply chain Literature Figure 6: Principle component bodies of supply chain literature Source: (Simon Croom 2000) 2.3 Global Supply Chain Management [GSCM] In this decade of global exploitation for raw materials, cheap and skilled labour has impounded interest towards global supply chain. Fig6 illustrates a typical Global Supply chain network. Interfunctional characteristic of a value chain has grown more complex and non feasible. Manufacturers usually set up factories in foreign to take advantages of low cost labour, trade concession, reduced logistic expense for foreign market, subsidies in capital investment it also makes manufactures more reliable to customers due to their close proximity(Gargeya 2005).Greater needs for GSCM is debated in this chapter below. Authors debate of many learning methodologies to understand framework of Global Supply chain management (GSCM). According to (Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo 2003) GSCM issues can be understood by an Artificial intelligence approach called Reinforcement learning (RL). Currently there are many such frameworks, helping different Multi National Companys as a business model. (Barry 2004), describes â€Å"An enterprise may have lowest over-all costs in a stable world environment, but may also have the highest level of risk if any one of the multiple gating factors kink up an elongated global supply chain!† In a global supply chain, supply risk should be identified, asses its possible occurrence and provided with a monetary value for better understanding, Companys should easily modify towards alternate suppliers (Barry 2004). 2.3a Current State Issues However experts believe that Global supply chain are more complex and difficult to maintain unlike domestic SC. Transportation cost tend to increase substantially due to foreign location, also complicates decision making because of increased lead time(Gargeya 2005). The other factors that dont encourage Global supply chain are listed below (Gargeya 2005) Inventory Cost Trade offs Supplier availability and Quality Different Language, Culture, practices Difficulties in Material planning and demand forecast Infrastructural incapability and non sophisticated telecommunication Inadequate skilled labour, Technology and Equipments Uncertain exchange rates Instable economics and politics Inconsistency of financial performance of supply chain. Efficient product and service distribution to upcoming markets can only be provided if an effective marketing infrastructure is developed.(Richey 2001). Globalization process should be viewed as a network embedded with contemporaneous options, constraints and events(Richey 2001). It intends to look into developing a strategic supply chain development and implementation. One of the challenge in a Global supply chain is development of a decision making model which incorporates almost every concerns of entities running across the chain(Mahapatra 2004). It is one of the biggest concerns to produce effective decisions to reduce risk. Considerable efforts has now been expended in developing this model, many conventional methodologies are adopted like, Simulation, Mathematical program, statistics etc., (Mahapatra 2004). 2.3 b Emerging Issues Numerous Global Supply chain models have been proposed consistently by researchers to tackle issues. Diffusion in multiple plant production systems, globalized market has escalated researchers interest towards this field. Fig11 illustrates one of the models that help to design a supply network. This model proposed by authors â€Å"Carlos J. Vidal† and â€Å"Marc Goetschalckx† illustrates an overlook of a decision making model to tackle transfer pricing and transport cost allocation problems. It is seen from fig6 that the suppliers are broadly classified as internal and external suppliers. For External suppliers it is clear that there is no possible decision for transfer pricing because they directly sell to organizations at market prices. Unlike external suppliers an optimal transfer pricing is determined using the model for internal suppliers (Goetschalckx 2001). A detail literature review of transfer pricing issue and its effect on Global supply chain will be discusse d later in this chapter. Table 2: Major international issues considered in selected global supply chain models Source: (Goetschalckx 1997) Market place around Global supply chain is changing continually reflecting to more emerging issues. These issues have to be resolved in a very short span to stay competitive and to make supply chain more financially effective (Gargeya 2005). First issue is dramatic increase of organizations, outsourcing its work to both domestic and international locations. Secondly many industries outsourced with a unidirectional and enterprise level motive, but now strive to coordinate its decision process across different levels of suppliers (Gargeya 2005). Third issue is recent development in the field of supply chain resulting in expanded definition of â€Å"supply chain performance, as mission, strategy and objectives can vary considerably based on value of the product offered to the customer† (Gargeya 2005). Even with extreme significance and necessity for Global Supply chain management, the subject is complex and diffuse. Many technique and methods have emerged from different areas like operations, logistics, sociology, International relationship, marketing, management, economics et,. But still due to its significant growth and complexity it becomes hard to keep abreast with current development in the field of GSCM (John T. Mentzer 2006). Cementing is the fact that many of these methodologies has evolved with little interdependency, considering little attention in relating with existing models (John T. Mentzer 2006). Outsourcing and Global Supply chain management focus to cost reduction, improved quality; thus increasing its overall competitiveness through structure and process that increase managerial commitment and competencies (Richey 2001). On other hand increased outsourcing of manufacturing to foreign locations in recent years has influenced mangers to design their supply chain considering not only in-house facilities but also to incorporate supplier capabilities and infrastructure. Broader criteria are taken into account while selecting the suppliers unlike fundamental ways. Suppliers are chosen based on customers perception of suppliers to meet demand, with suitable attributes such as quality, quantity, delivery, service, price etc.,. In some case more broader criteria as defined by total ownership cost for carrying inventory, training and repair (Meixell 2005). Supplier selection escalates structure of design problems with limitations in number of vendors in a certain geography, minimum order quantity, geographic preference and supplier capacity (Gargeya 2005). Supply network integration through a supply chain also influences Global supply chain design. Business process integration is one of the best options, coordinating decision across multiple tiers of suppliers/vendors. In reality organizations engage in coordination activities like â€Å"Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI), Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR)† (Gargeya 2005) by sharing sales promotion information. Advanced planning system (APS) integrate production decision making process, these systems are designed with precautions having Supplier capacity and Inventory in mind. These constraints influence Global Supply chain design in large scale (Gargeya 2005). As part of global supply chain design many factors like import duties has to be designed while framing since they contribute nearly 5-10 % of total cost (Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo 2003).Thriving through these issues, a well-coordinated and integrated design of Global Supply chain is hard to replicate thus making is very efficient and helps to achieve a competitive strategy in global scale (Gargeya 2005). 2.3c Need of Global Supply chain Management: Market Drift Global Supply chain models are complex and difficult to provide a solution compared to a domestic supply chain. In a global supply chain flow of cash and information is difficult to maintain unlike single country model. Inclusion of various taxes, Transfer pricing, duties, exchange rates, trade barriers are basic necessity to instil a real time supply system (Goetschalckx 1997). Todays market has advanced with increased globalization of supply sources and demand, drastic improvement of information transparency, innovative business models and venture capital. With such high competitive nature, Simple pursue for higher market share is no longer effective in improving profitability. Focus has drifted towards redefining their competitive profit zone; Companies now tend towards co-relationship to capture life time customer rather than mass buyers through strategic development and Management partnership (John T. Mentzer 2006). Global Market has immensely changed in these following factors Increase value of end users over mass buyers Importance of customization Emerging global consumer segment Time and quality related competition Improvements in communication Value for Information sharing Changing government policies Power shift to End users In broad spectrum of supply chain power has shifted towards End users. Customer satisfaction becomes the ultimate goal. Interfirm relation and collaboration is critical to increase customer satisfaction.(John T. Mentzer 2006). Original equipment manufacturers and supporting suppliers should be quick to react to customer requirements or else have to face prospect of losing market share. Mass Customization Mass customization results in increase in variety without compromising quality, price and efficiency i.e., customers expect better quality level and customization for low or competitive cost. This level of customization can only be achieved with full commitment of every entity of a supply chain like employees, distributors, suppliers etc,(John T. Mentzer 2006). Improved Communication Global competitive market means unit of business analysis of an organization is whole world not just a country/region. Communication revolution has offended late design or delay in delivery. In this context, â€Å"Kotler Philip† said â€Å"As firms globalize, they realize that no matter how large they are, they lackthe total resources and requisites for success.Viewing the complete supply chain forproducing value, they recognize the necessity of partnering with other organizations(John T. Mentzer 2006) â€Å". Time and Quality importance Time and Quality focused market competition can be achieved by basic Lean methodologies, reducing waste in the form of time, defects etc,. Improved quality not just means finished goods but also every area of a company.(John T. Mentzer 2006) Information Technology Influenced Most Powerful and conceptual influence is through immense improvement in the field of Information technology. Invention of modern computers superseded monolithic companies. Fast communication increased link between every member also eliminating multiple layers of people serving as information channel and control group, reducing cost and improved linkage eliminating time delays(John T. Mentzer 2006). 2.3d Benefits of Global Supply chain In this competitive world, market research is a fundamental aspect of any organizations design process. Anticipated results are an aspect of a design process, so it is necessary to understand possible benefits of Global Supply chain. Few benefits described by (Mechanic 2010), are Highest standard of quality. Increased standard expectancy from developing nations. Reduced Inventory and Transportation. Competitive advantage. Make or buy decisions simplified. Wider marker scale to target (New Market opportunity). Opportunity to learn and adapt business models around the globe. Increase in Supply chain flexibility. Surviving Economic recessions with auxiliary markets. 2.4 Supply Network design and collaboration 2.4 a General literature According to (Sheng Su 2008)†A supply chain is an integrated network of suppliers, transformation plants and distribution channels which are organized to acquire raw materials, transform the materials into final products, and deliver those products to customers(Sheng Su 2008)†. Recent developments in technology have forced typical sequential manufacturing industry into designing current ideas for business-business relationship with companies in supply networks (james B. Rice Jr 2002). (james B. Rice Jr 2002) Suggest that, Organizations which are looking for coordination across a strategic supply chain can be achieved by three independent segment coordination such as Information system Logistics Network Financial trade offs Author (Christine Harland 2003) describes the increasing complexity in supply networks. In growing market, issues can arise due to various reasons. Following table illustrates few origins of issue Table 3: Increasing Complexity in Supply network Source (Christine Harland 2003) Design of supply network can be approached as stages, Production, Procurement and distribution. Each stage can be scattered across supply network positioned anywhere in the globe as illustrated in fig11 (D.J. Thomas 1996). Designing and coordinating supply chain for a specific product usually tends to break functional and boundary barriers, resulting as a major issue. Functional boundaries can be deceiving in delivering knowledge thus a clear understanding is hard even for top management (D.J. Thomas 1996). Supply chain management is a new concept but coordinated planning has a profound history since early 1960 (D.J. Thomas 1996). Since then researchers had focused to integrate planning, scheduling and distribution (D.J. Thomas 1996), some of the early models and their functionality are review later in this chapter as illustrated in tables 7-13. Inventory Management barrier Managing Inventory is a vital and significantly increases customer satisfaction and also improves profit. According to (Billington 1992), there are 13 pitfalls in Inventory management. No Supply Chain metrics: Generally it is found that there is no strict performance metrics used to evaluate each entity of the supply chain. Usually individual organizations inside a supply network may have conflicting objectives which tends to reduce overall efficiency. This issue has to be addressed by assessing and orienting supply chain metrics which is governed by customer satisfaction criterion (Billington 1992). Inadequate definition of customer service: Usually customer service does not mean just better delivery time or quality. Many critical details like order cycle time and back order time et., these issues can be omitted by proper understand of customer and standards of expectancy (Billington 1992). Inaccurate Delivery status date: This clerical issue can result in massive impact on total efficiency of the supply chain. It can be resolved by centralized data storage under regular monitor (Billington 1992). Inefficient information systems: These issues mostly resolved with recent developments in Information Technology. Softwares like Enterprise resource planning can help to resolve this issue. Ignoring the impact of uncertainties: In a supply chain there can be different sources for uncertainties as, supplier lead time, raw material quality, process lead time, Transportation and fluctuating market etc., Implementation of Just-In-Time (PULL System) can help to resolve these issues as this system monitors uncertainties closely and react immediately (Billington 1992). Simplistic inventory stocking policies: This issue can be resolved with efficient safety stock policies (Billington 1992). Discrimination against internal customers: This is caused when Work in Progress goods are delivered and handled with your supplier unlike finished products to ultimate customer (Billington 1992). Poor coordination: as mentioned earlier in this research, harmonic network coordination is a fundamental entity of supply chain. Better coordination can be achieved by effective Supplier relationship management Incorrect assessment of Inventory costs: Occurrence of this issue is generally by omitting few inventory maintenance cost while formulating supply chain, usually An effective supply chain design helps in identifying best, Location and distribution centres, Plant Capacity, Market access and planning.